Rassiyam means the state government and Rasan is the king. Hence Alajar means the king of the state. Rasa is pure Tamil word Sanscritized as Raja. Other interpretations are thirpirappu pathai or thee pura theeba peedam or parathee patham. Pandaya pirapidam means the ancient settlement of Sumerian Tamils. Thiraiyan are the sea farers. The thiraiyans could be the Pandiyan kings. But then Pandiyan came from the ba- andam , the ocean under the earth. Probably Pandiyan settled in Meru mountain after the great deluge — the su.
En -men lu ana has the composition -en- me- an — la- an- a - and the real name of the Sumerian king is Aalum Mannan en Annan. In Tamil Nadu adult- elderly men are called by the common name, Annan. Kalai means fine arts and kaalai means morning or the young man, the bull.
Mannan Kalai vannan or the Sumerian en men gal ana should have shown deep interests in fine arts. Hewas also good archer. Keralam is one of the Southern states of India who speak one of the Dravidian languages, Malayalam. Karu [ dark] lokam or Kaarai[ lime stone] lokam or Karai [ on the banks] lokam or kuru [ small] lokam or Kollan[ black smith] lokam or Valarum [ developing city] lokam are other interpretations.
Sentheeyan pasupathi is lord Siva and his elder son — Sisu is the Pandian, Suppan. Siva is called as Kuppan. Greek Cupid is the corrupted form of the Tamil word Kuppan, the god of love. Pitchandi is lord Siva. Pachaonthi is the camelion which changes its color. Simma[ lion] puram means the Singapur and Seemai puram means the foreign land. The intersting name of the kingdom is Roma puri Rassiyam! Was there a Roman kingdom in Sumerian land? If so , who established it?! The name of the Author of this article is Annadurai.
The related word is Kaappakam is a place for safe custody. Para thee is the fire of the sky. Thuthan is the messanger from thwe sky fire. Bibilical Aabraham means Abarakon , the jewel or the king of the sky.
Hence Bibilical Abraham should have spoken in Tamil. In Kic, Jucur became king; he ruled for years. Kullassina-bel ruled for ms. Nanjiclicma ruled for ms. En-tarah- ana ruled for ms. Puannum ruled for ms. Kalibum ruled for ms. Kalumum ruled for mss. Zuqaqip ruled for ms. Su1 has instead: years.
In mss. Atab mss. Macda, the son of Atab, ruled for ms. Arwium, the son of Macda, ruled for years. Etana, the shepherd, who ascended to heaven and consolidated all the foreign countries, became king; he ruled for ms. Balih, the son of Etana, ruled for mss. En-me-nuna ruled for ms. Melem-Kic, the son of En-me-nuna, ruled for years.
Barsal-nuna, the son of En-me-nuna, mss. Zamug, the son of Barsal-nuna, ruled for years. Tizqar, the son of Zamug, ruled for years. Ilku ruled for years. Iltasadum ruled for years. En-men- barage-si, who made the land of Elam submit, became king; he ruled for years. Aga, the son of En-men-barage-si, ruled for years. Then Kic was defeated and the kingship was taken to E-ana.
Jacur has the composition —sa- ku- Ra and the name of the Sumerian king is Saekaran which means the red sun. Siva kasi is the name of a town in Tamil Nadu. Indran is the basis for the origin of the name India - Indira[ nin] thaesam — Indra lokam and the celebration of Indra vizha in ancient Thamilakam. Puannum has the composition- pa- an- nu -mu and the name of the king is Moopan — [Makan] - Pannan. Pannan means the sun god or the singer. Kailbum has the composition - ka- li - ba- mu and the name of the Sumerian king is kaalai [ bull] Maippavan which means a shepherd lord Siva.
Atab has the combination Aa tab a and the name of the Sumerian king is Pattan or pootan which means great grand father. Mec da has the combination of - ma- ka -da - and the name of the king is Thee Makan - Maadu Kaathan - Maka kaathakan. Makadam [the kingdom] is a related word.
Arwium has the combination- a -ra -vi -a -um - and the name of the king is Marai Oviam. Thgiraiviam means wealth [ sun god] and Thirai oviam means the art [ sun god] in the sky.
Etana has the composition e tan a and the Name of the king is Naattan which means the ruler of the state. Balih has the composition ba —li ha and the name of the king is Balakan. En me nuna has the composition en me nu na and the name of the king is Mannan Nannan, the good king. Melemkic has the composition - ma- la- ma- ka- i- ka - and the name of the king is Malai kakkum Vellaiyan Makan - Maka Malaiya Maan.
Malaiya Maan is the name of king of ancient Thamilakam. Bursal nuna has the composition —ba- ra —sa- la- nu- na- and the name of the king is Paaralum nannan chola Mannan. The adjective —paralum- signifies that the Chola kings had already established a great kingdom.
Zamug has the composition — sa- mu —ka- and the name of the king is Shanmukan , lord Murukan. S[h]anmukam is the a proper name foe men in Tamil Nadu. Tizkar has the composition — thee- sa- ka- Ra- and the name of the Sumerian king is Suthakaran. Suthakaran is a proper name for men in Tamil Nadu and India. Ilku has the composition- i- la- ku - and the name of the king is Kaalaiyan , the bull god.
Parangusam is proper name for men in Tamil Nadu. Elam has the composition -el- la -am - and the name of the kingdom is Maelam , the star. The other interpretation is Illam which means the house. There is one state by the name Tamil Elam in Srilanka. Mec-ki- aj-gacer entered the sea and disappeared.
Enmerkar, the son of Mec-ki-aj-gacer, the king of Unug, who built Unug mss. Lugalbanda, the shepherd, ruled for years. Dumuzid, the fisherman, whose city was Kuara, ruled for ms. TL has instead: years. Gilgamec, whose father was a phantom? Ur-Nungal, the son of Gilgamec, ruled for 30 years.
Udul-kalama, the son of Ur-Nungal ms. Su1 has instead: Ur-lugal , ruled for 15 years. La-ba'cum ruled for 9 years. En-nun-tarah-ana ruled for 8 years. Mec-he, the smith, ruled for 36 years. Melem-ana ms. Su2 has instead: Til-kug? Su2 has instead: years. Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim. E-ana has the composition —e- an- na- and the name of the kingdom is Yaenam. There is a small union territory in India by the name Yaenam.
Mec ki aj gacer has the composition -me- ka- ki —sa- ka- sa- Ra - and the name of the king is Kasi makan Makara [ as he disappeared in sea] Saekaran. Makara is a sea creature in Hindu Mythology. Makara is simply the Ma- karan the vehicle for the sun god to sail under the ocean in the night and that is the reason the animal has both masculine and feminine body. This Mythology tells about the story of the setting sun. It is generally depicted as half terrestrial animal in the frontal part in animal forms of elephant or crocodile or stag, or deer and in hind part as aquatic animal, in the tail part, as a fish tail or also as seal.
Sometimes, even a peacock tail is depicted. It is the origin of the word for crocodile 'mugger' in Hindi. The English word 'mugger' evolved meaning one who sneaks up and attacks another. The name is applied to the Mugger crocodile, the most common crocodile in India, and is descriptive of its aggressive feeding behavior.
Utu is the Aadu or the —Ma- utu , the sun god , kasi. Enmerkar has the composition- en- me - ra —ka- ra and the name of the king is Maa Rakkan Ramanan — Makan - Mannan Murukan. Unug has the composition -u —nu- ka- and the name of the kingdom is Kaanakam. Kaanakam means forest and Vaanakm means the sky. Kanakam kan akam [ aka k kan] are related words. Paandiyan must be the fisher man and not the shepherd as written in the electronic text.
Kara is the banks of the river or the seashore. Dumusid must be the shepherd. The interpretation as shown in the Electronic text is wrong.
Gilgamec, has the basic composition- ka — la- ka —ma- ka - and the name of the king is Kallan kula Kaamukan or Kollan Makan kullaekal Kaalian- Valam kodukkum Vallal Velan. Kallan kulam is caste in Tamil Nadu. Kaamukan means lover boy. Kullaekal is the name of the place in Karnataka —Tamil Nadu border. Kollan means the gold smith. Kaalian is the Paeyon or the phantom. Kulaba, [ ka- la -ba] is the kingdom- Balakam. Ur-Nungal, the son of Gilgamec has the composition -ur- nu- an —ka- la - and the name of the king is Kaalai vaelai - Nar orai yan Kaalan.
Oraiyan is the sun. Udul-kalama, the son of Ur-Nungal has the composition udu- lu- ka- la- ma and the name of the king is Udukka Kadaul kula Malllaiyan. Ur-lugal has the composition - ur- lu- ka- la -and the name of the kingdom is Arulan kaalan or Erulan - Valam kodukkum vallal velan - Kaalan.
Irulan are the people of Tamil Nadu who are Mountainous hill dwellers and they are also snake worshippers- snake catchers and hence Sivan worshippers. La-ba'cum has the composition - la — ba- ka- um - and the name of the king is Pallan Makan Balakan. Pallan [ the sun god ] is the caste in Tamil Nadu. Indran was the god or the king of ancient Dravidian people. Annan is the sun god , Entharan ,lord Siva. The worship of Naga- Nathan has existed in Sumerian land.
Mec-he, has the composition —me- ke -he - and the name of the king is Maakan , the big eye of the universe , the sun god , lord Siva. Mookan is also arelated name. Melem-ana has the composition — me- le -me —an- na - and the name of the king is Malaimaan Nannan or annan. Malaiyamaan was the king of ancient Thamilakam.
Til-kug has the composition ti- li —ka- ku , Thee thuli Thee -ozhi or Thee- vazhi kakaum - thee thukal Kakkum - vaithee-an Theekalion-- Thillai -- thee thuli - Kakkum kaathan. The Greek Deucalian , son of Prometheus[ Perum matheeyon] , the fire bringer is the Tamil Theekalion, the player of fire. Thillai , Delhi [ Thilli] are related words and names.
Lugal-kitun has the composition- lu- ka -la - ki- ti -un - and the name of the king is Ula[k]gallum thee Kaathan , the fire keeper. Urim has the composition — ur- ri -mi and the name of the kingdom is Maraiyur or Ma woraiyur or Ma Oraiyur.
Woraiyur and Maraiyur are the places in Tamil Nadu. Urimai , Urumi are related words. Maraiyur is the name of a village in Tamil Nadu. Sometimes spelled as Uraiyur, this location is also known asThirukkozhi, Nikalaapuri, Uranthai, and Kozhiyur.
It has a history dating back to before 2 BCE. The word Urayur in Tamil literally means "the residence". Urayur was an ancient Chola city with a fortress and city wall on the southern banks of the river Kaveri. The Imperial Cholas of the 9th century CE and later made Tanjavur their capital, and Urayur slowly lost its place in the Chola administration. Mec-ki-aj- Nanna ms. Elulu ruled for mss. Balulu ruled for mss. Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan. Mec - ane -pada has the composition me- ka- an- ne- pa -da and the name of the king is Pandiyan makan en annan kannan.
In Ancient Thamilakam woraiyur was the capital city of Cholas and not of the Pandiyan. Hence Kannan must be the Dravidian - Pandiyan King. Mec- ki- aj -nana has the composition of - me-ke- ki -sa —na- na - and the name of the king is kaasi makan en annan kannan.
Elulu has the composition e -lu -lu and the name of the king is Ellalan or villalan [ the fine archer]. Balulu has the composition - ba- lu —lu -and the name of the king is Pallan. Awan has the composition - aa -va -an and the name of the kingdom is Aa vaanam or Auvannam. It means the land exactly like that of the sky[ vaanam]. Aavanam means to document. Avani means the earth. Aa- vani means the name of the month. Yavanm means the foreign land. Awan , Aswan of Egypt and Swan are related names.
Then Awan was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kic. Kic has the composition ki ka and the name of the kingdom is Akam. Dadasig ruled for ms. Mamagal, the boatman, ruled for ms. Kalbum, the son of Mamagal ms. WB has instead: Magalgal , ruled for ms. Men-nuna, ms. Lugalju ruled for ms. Then Kic was defeated and the kingship was taken to Hamazi. Dadasig has the composition - da -da —si- ki- and the name of the king is Sink[g]a Sadaiyon Dasan.
Mamagal, has the composition -ma- ma- ka- la - and the name of the Sumerian king is Kaalai or Kaalaiyan Ammavan or Maa kaalai mavan. Kalbum has the composition — ka- la- bu —mu- and the name of the king is Kaalai Maipavan — the shepherd king — the sun god. Bumikallan or Bommai kaalan or Kulla Beeman are othe interpretatations. Tuge has the composition — thu- ke- and the name of the king is kuthan- Koothan. Kuthan is lord Siva , the dancer. Men-nuna has the composition- me- an- nu -na - and the name of the king is Ma mannan Nannan.
Hamazi has the composition -a —ha- ma- si - and the name of the kingdom is Maha Simma suka akam. Then Hamazi was defeated and the kingship was taken ms. One king; he ruled for 18, years. Five cities; eight kings ruled for , sic years. Then the Flood swept over. Babum ruled for years. Pu'annum ruled for years. Kalibum ruled for years. Kalumum ruled for years. Zuqaqip ruled for years.
Atab ruled for years. Etana, the shepherd, who ascended to heaven and put all countries in order, became king; he ruled for 1, years. Balih, son of Etana, ruled for years. Enme-nuna ruled for years. Barsal-nuna, son of Enme-nuna, ruled for 1, years.
Samug, son of Barsal-nuna, ruled for years. Tizkar, son of Samug, ruled for years. Ilku'u ruled for years. Ilta-sadum ruled for years. Enmen-baragesi, who destroyed Elam' s weapons, became king; he ruled for years. Agga, son of Enmen-baragesi, ruled for years. The divine Lugal-banda, the shepherd, ruled for years.
The divine Dumuzi, the fisherman, whose city was Ku'ara, ruled for Udul-kalama, son of Ur-Nungal, ruled for 15 years. Ennun-dara-ana ruled for 8 years. Melem-ana ruled for 6 years. Lugal-ki-GIN ruled for 36 years.
Twelve kings ruled for years. Then Uruk was defeated and the kingship was taken to Ur. In Ur, Mes-ane-pada became king; he ruled for 80 years. Elulu ruled for 25 years. Balulu ruled for 36 years. Then Ur was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan.
In Awan, [ Three kings ruled for years. Dadase ruled for 81 years. Kalbum, son of Mamagal, ruled for years. TUG ruled for years. Men-nuna ruled for years. Lugalgu ruled for years. Therefore, SKL is a document of exceptional interest: it provides us with a unique reconstruction of the history of early Babylonia by the Babylonians themselves.
The absence of any theological speculation in SKL is also noteworthy, and unique in Sumerian literature. No deity plays a role in the numerous dynastic changes that are related in SKL: kingship is transferred from city to city as a consequence of military events only The sole divine entity in SKL is kingship itself, which, by virtue of its descending from heaven, was conceptualized as a divine institution.
On the other hand, the history told by SKL is largely fictional and mythical in character. Though acknowledging this fact, scholars in the past have relied heavily on SKL data for reconstructing the dynasties and chronology of third millennium Mesopotamia The most strenuous 16 Cf. Marchesi b, Jacobsen , ; Kraus , ; Michalowski ; Wilcke ; idem , ; Vincente , ; Steinkeller , ; Glassner , Cooper , As Jacobsen had done, so did other scholars.
However, the former reading, though possible epigraphically, is unlikely28, and the latter is incorrect Jacobsen , Also cf. Klein , note III reads: [li? Klein , 89 copy and 91 photo. Another manuscript of SKL, Ni. NA, see Pomponio , ; Gelb et alii , ; etc.
Edzard For a dissenting opinion, cf. Michalowski George , ; and Marchesi , Marchesi , Marchesi , note These facts alone are quite telling about the historical reliability of SKL. Moreover, the durations of the reigns attributed to the few kings who do occur in Early Dynastic sources are either wholly unrealistic, or clearly artificial round figures, multiples of six, etc.
Any such reconstruction should be based on Early Dynastic sources only. The picture that emerges when we do rely exclusively on such sources is, of course, dramatically different from that presented by SKL Marchesi , tables Kinnier Wilson ; Alster ; Steinkeller , ; Selz Klein , 86 ad loc.
Klein , 81 ii Vincente , and Frayne , E4. Scheil , frag. Expected cf. Glassner , and Other manuscripts bear the variants KUL. Wilcke , B ii Michalowski ,
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